Female reproductive system

• The female reproductive system refers to the anatomical structures and physiological processes involved in the production of female gametes (ova) and the support of fertilization and pregnancy

• The female reproductive system comprises a bilateral arrangement of ovaries, a duct system that includes a bilateral arrangement of fallopian tubes (oviducts), a uterus, cervix, and vagina. The mammary glands are considered accessory genital glands.

OVARIES

• The term “ovaries” refers to the paired female reproductive organs found in mammals

• The ovary is considered the principal organ of the female reproductive system. The organ in question is responsible for the production of ova and the secretion of the female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone. These hormones play a crucial role in the development of secondary female sexual characteristics and the regulation of cyclic changes in the uterine endometrium.

• The human ovaries are characterized by their small, almond-shaped morphology, measuring approximately 3 cm in diameter.

1. The first aspect to consider is the geographical location. The ovaries are situated in close proximity to the kidneys and maintain their connection to the lower abdominal cavity via the mesovarium.

• The organization or arrangement of elements within a system or entity. The outermost layer of the ovary is comprised of a germinal epithelium, which consists of a monolayer of cuboidal cells. The epithelium referred to in this context exhibits continuity with the mesothelium, which is commonly known as the peritoneum. The ovarian stroma is enclosed by the epithelium. The stroma can be classified into two distinct regions, namely the peripheral cortex and the inner medulla. The cortex is enveloped by a connective tissue known as the tunica albuginea.

The cerebral cortex is comprised of numerous spherical or oval-shaped structures consisting of cellular clusters, referred to as ovarian follicles. The medulla is comprised of loose connective tissue, elastic fibers, blood vessels, and smooth muscle fibers.

A segment of the human ovary

OVARIAN FOLLICLE

• The ovarian follicle is a structure found in the ovary.The ovarian follicle contains a centrally located ovum, which is surrounded by multiple layers of granular cells known as follicular granulosa or discus proligerus or cumulus oophorus. The antrum contains a small cavity in which it is suspended.

• The antrum is occupied by fluid-filled follicles. The tertiary follicle gives rise to the secondary oocyte, which subsequently develops a novel membrane known as the zona pellucida. The bulging of the follicle occurs on the outer surface of the ovary.

• The mature Graafian follicle, named after De Graaf who first documented their existence in 1672, is referred to as such.